Antipredator tactics of calving caribou: dispersion in mountains

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Abstract
The caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in Spatsizi Provincial Park, northern British Columbia, seek high south slopes in mountains as calving locations as an antipredator tactic. By being dispersed in heterogeneous and rugged mountains and away from moose (Alces alces), they force wolves (Canis lupus) and bears (Ursus arctos) to search large areas, reducing their capture success. By remaining at high elevation for 2–3 weeks in June, females with calves had to forego foraging in plant associations with high phytomass and nutrient concentrations. The antipredator tactic of dispersion in mountains was only relatively successful in 1976 and 1977; 90% of the calves still died prior to 6 months of age, largely from predation. The relatively recent invasion of moose into northern British Columbia in the early 1900's has resulted in more wolves per unit area than formerly and their combined searching has reduced the utility of leaving valley bottoms and being dispersed in mountains as a tactic to increasing the searching effort of predators.

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