Reproductive, developmental and nutritional biology of the tomato moth,Lacanobia oleracea(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) reared on artificial diet

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Abstract
Several aspects of the biology of the tomato moth,Lacanobia oleracea(Linnaeus) were investigated when these insects were fed an artificial diet and kept under laboratory conditions. The six larval stadia occupied a total period of 35.6 days at 20°C and 65% r.h. Larvae of each stadium could be separated by their head capsule widths, but not weight ranges, which overlapped. Feeding studies carried out on larvalL. oleracearevealed instar dependent changes in the indices of food consumption and utilization. Larvae increased in weight from the fourth to sixth instar due to a combination of the increased efficiency with which ingested food was converted to body tissue, and increased food consumption by older larvae. Sixth (final) instar larvae exhibited three distinct behavioural phases; during one of these, the feeding phase, larvae consumed a greater amount of diet than either the fourth or fifth instars. The mean pupal period of non-diapausing pupae was 25 days. Pupal diapause was induced when larvae were reared under short day conditions. The male to female sex ratio of adult moths was 1:1.3. Mating generally began during the first scotophase after adult eclosion, and stopped soon after the start of the next photophase. Females usually mated only once, but males were capable of mating at least seven times. Oviposition normally commenced on day 2 of adult life, and the mean total egg production was 1186 eggs/female. Sex pheromone components were not present in solvent extracts of the pheromone glands of 20-day-old female pupae, but low levels were detected in pharate adults. A further increase in pheromone levels in newly-emerged moths was detected and, in isolated virgin moths, pheromone levels increased each day of adult life until day 9. Pheromone levels were significantly lower in two-day-old mated adult females, than in two-day-old virgins.

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