Charge Equilibrium Ratios for Hydrogen Ions from Solids

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Abstract
Experimental values for the ratios of the positive, natural, and negative components have been obtained for proton beams in the energy region 3-200 kev emerging from Al, Be, Ca, Ag, Au, and SiO foils. Clean surfaces were obtained by evaporating fresh material onto the foil during a run. As expected, the equilibrium charge ratio appears to be determined by the last few (∼5) atoms on the exit side of the foil. At 37±3 kev, the positive and neutral components are equal for all materials tested, except Ca (18±2 kev). Significant differences have been found in the charged components from these metals. The observed ratios of the components for different metals parallel their work functions at proton energies >100 kev.

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