Threshold behavior of Cu-, Ge-, $A g - K -$ , and $A u - L_{3}$ -shell ionization cross sections by electron impact

Electron-induced Cu-, Ge-,

A g - K

shells, and

A u - L_{3}

-shell ionization cross sections have been obtained from the measurement of

K α

and

L α

x-ray emission cross sections around the threshold energy.

K

- and

L_{3}

-shell ionization cross sections have been observed to rise as a function of

\ln \frac{(U_{i})}{U_{i}}

, where

U_{i}

is the ratio of electron impact energy to ionization energy. In the increasing behavior of

A u - L α

and

- L β

x-ray emission cross sections with increasing impact energies, the onset of

L_{2}

- and

L_{1}

-shell ionizations have been observed at

L_{2}

- and

L_{1}

-shell ionization energies. Absolute values of Cu-, Ge-,

A g - K

-shell ionization cross sections are well reproduced by the empirical formula of Green and Cosslett down to the vicinity of threshold energy.

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Threshold behavior of Cu-, Ge-,Ag−K−, andAu−L3-shell ionization cross sections by electron impact