A method for studying the structure of uniaxially aligned biopolymers using solid state 15N‐nmr: Application to Bombyx mori silk fibroin fibers

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Abstract
Recent advances in the application of solid state nmr spectroscopy to uniformly aligned biopolymers have opened a window through which to view the detailed structure of biological macromolecules that are unable to be seen with standard techniques for structure determination such as x‐ray diffraction. Atomic resolution structural details are obtained from solid state nmr data in the form of bond orientations, which yield the relative positions of specific atoms within the molecule. For static aligned systems such as fibers, in which rapid reorientation about the axis of alignment does not occur, it has generally been necessary to perform trial and error line‐shape simulations to extract structural details from nmr spectra arising from a single type of nuclear spin interaction. In the present work, a new method is developed in which solid state 15N‐nmr spectra obtained from uniaxially aligned molecules placed with the axis of alignment both parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field are analyzed to yield the orientations of specific molecular bonds. Analytical expressions are derived that utilize spectral features read from 15N chemical shift anisotropy line shapes to calculate a discrete number of possible orientations for a specific site. The 15N‐1H dipolar interaction is employed to further narrow the number of unique orientations possible for a given site. With this method, a neighborhood of possible orientations is quickly determined, and full line‐shape simulations within this region of allowed space can be performed to refine the limits of orientation. This technique demonstrates the use of a single type of isotopic label to determine the orientation of a specific molecular group such as a peptide plane within a protein. Results from the application of this method to the Bombyx mori silk fibroin protein provide structural detail that is consistent with currently accepted structural models based on fiber diffraction studies. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.