Test of the Isoallele Hypothesis at the Mouse First Arch (far) Locus

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Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that differences in wild-type (+) alleles (isoalleles) at the first arch (far) locus between mouse strains ICR/Bc and BALB/cGaBc are responsible for the partially dominant expression of far in the ICR/Bc genetic background, in contrast to its recessive expression in the BALB/cGaBc background. A similar hypothesis concerning isoalleles has been suggested to explain differences in heterozygote expression in some human genetic diseases but appears not to have been tested directly in mammals. First arch is lethal when homozygous. The dominant effects in ICR/Bc mice include defects in mystacial vibrissa pattern formation and cleft palate. To test the isoallele hypothesis, we made the four appropriate genetic crosses between +/far and +/+ mice between strains. The F1 progeny were scored on day 16 of gestation for defective mystacial vibrissa pattern formation and cleft palate. From all four crosses, approximately 30% of F1 fetuses (i.e., 60% of +/far fetuses) had disrupted mystacial vibrissa patterns, and only one fetus had cleft palate. The fact that all crosses produced approximately equal rates of defective progeny disproves the isoallele hypothesis for far. Therefore, differences between strains in alleles at other loci (modifier loci) must cause the differences in hetero zygote (+/far) expression. This genetic design can be used for other mutations with strain differences in heterozygote expression to test the importance of isoalleles in mammals.