Food Label Use Modifies Association of Income with Dietary Quality

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Abstract
We analyzed the 1994–1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals and the Diet and Health Knowledge Survey (DHKS) to examine whether the relationship between income and dietary quality is modified by food label (FL) use among 20- to 60-y old DHKS respondents who were either household meal preparers, meal planners or food shoppers (n = 2952). Multivariate logistic regression results indicated that the influence of income on dietary quality is mediated by FL use. Those who were wealthier and used FL were significantly less likely to have a lower Healthy Eating Index (HEI) compared with the reference group formed by those in the lower income category who did not use FL [OR = 0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31, 0.56]. By contrast, those who were wealthier but did not use FL were as likely as the reference group to have a low HEI (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.74, 1.54). Those who were poorer but used FL were significantly less likely to have a low HEI compared with the reference group (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.48, 0.80). Thus, FL use is associated with improved dietary quality among all income groups with a greater benefit of use among higher income individuals. Income is not associated with improved dietary quality in the absence of FL use.