Organic Contaminants in Canadian Municipal Sludges

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Abstract
A comparison of several extraction methodologies for the analysis of base-neutral and acid organic contaminants (EPA priority pollutants) in municipal sludge was conducted. Sludge was spiked with selected contaminants and extracted wet and following air-drying by a variety of techniques such as dilution, centrifuge extraction, Soxhlet extraction and high speed mixing (PolytronR, WaringR and ultrasonic probe). All of the techniques produced variable results. Recoveries of spiked compounds ranged from 0 to > 100% and, in general, the relative standard deviations ranged from 20 to 50%. Extraction of wet sludge using high speed mixing was considered to be the most satisfactory technique. Based on analyses of 15 municipal sludges derived mainly from industrial centres, it is suggested that agricultural utilization of Canadian sludges probably does not represent a significant organic contaminant hazard to the food chain. Organic contaminant concentrations in the sludges generally were < 10 mg kg-1 dw. Phthalate esters in several sludges and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Hamilton sludge exceeded 10 mg kg-1 dw; however, phthalate esters are readily degraded in soil and the Hamilton sludge is incinerated. "Acceptable" organic contaminant concentrations in sludges for use on pasture and arable lands are suggested. However, it is recommended that further analytical research be undertaken to develop more accurate and precise methods for measuring organic contaminants in municipal sludge and that an expanded program of sampling and analysis be undertaken to provide more reliable information concerning organic contaminant concentrations in Canadian sludges.