Variations in State Responsiveness

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Abstract
Until the present, the truism of the political system has been that the science system derives its freedom from the state. However, the analysis of various theories of the state and of actual government policies implies that there have been transformations in the adopted strategies. The welfare state has aimed at state-regulated science policy by stressing the importance of societally relevant research and the equalization of opportunity. The neo-liberal state has argued for deregulation and competition and has viewed the promotion of science and higher education as an integral part of the commodification process. Currently, the idea of civil society has been revitalized as an attempt to guarantee more liberties to citizens and to develop political pluralism and a new system of contracts and representation. In government programmes, only inprecise conceptions have been presented about the nature and the role of science in a society where the citizens are capable of organizing their activities and interests.

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