Distinct receptors and signaling pathways in alpha-thrombin- and thrombin receptor peptide-induced vascular contractions.

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Abstract
The vasoactive mechanisms of the serine protease alpha-thrombin were examined in isolated coronary arteries from dogs. In resting coronary arteries with endothelium, alpha-thrombin caused concentration-dependent contractions that were characterized by an initial transient relaxation followed by slowly developing sustained contractions. The vascular actions of alpha-thrombin were mimicked by the thrombin receptor-activating peptide (TRAP) SFLLRNP, a synthetic peptide based on the cleaved terminus of the thrombin receptor domain. Treatment of the arteries with N omega-nitro-L-arginine or removal of endothelium abolished the transient relaxations and enhanced the contractions, indicating that the transient relaxations were mediated by the concurrent release of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. alpha-Thrombin that had been catalytically inactivated with the irreversible inhibitor by use of D-Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethyl ketone did not cause contractions, indicating the requirement of proteolytic cleavage by alpha-thrombin to induce contractions. In contrast to TRAP, alpha-thrombin-induced contractions were blocked by hirudin (a specific thrombin inhibitor), nifedipine and diltiazem (Ca2+ channel blockers), or staurosporine and calphostin C (protein kinase C inhibitors). Unlike alpha-thrombin, which undergoes homologous desensitization, TRAP failed to cause desensitization to subsequent stimulation by alpha-thrombin or TRAP. These observations support the hypothesis that vasoactive actions of alpha-thrombin are mediated by a mechanism that involves cleavage at the active site to expose a new NH2 terminus that activates the thrombin receptor. Further, the dissociation between alpha-thrombin and the synthetic receptor peptide in signal transduction and dissimilar desensitizing properties suggest the existence of distinct thrombin receptor subtypes and/or signaling events in vascular smooth muscle.