Use of synthetic gramicidins in the determination of channel structure and mechanism

Abstract
The syntheses of (1-13C) Trp9 gramicidin A (GA), (1-13C) Trp11 GA, (1-13C) Trp13 GA, (1-13 C) Trp15 GA and D-Leu2 GA are verified by means of high performance liquid chromatography, 13C NMR, circular dichroism and characterization of transport properties. The use of these and other synthetic gramicidins is discussed in terms of determining ion binding sites within the channel, helix sense of the channel, the basis of monovalent vs. divalent cation selectivity, and means of modulating channel conductance.

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