Evolution of the large-scale magnetic field on the solar surface: A parameter study

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Abstract
Magnetic flux emerging on the Sun's surface in the form of bipolar magnetic regions is redistributed by supergranular diffusion, a poleward meridional flow and differential rotation. We perform a systematic and extensive parameter study of the influence of various parameters on the large-scale field, in particular the total unsigned surface flux and the flux in the polar caps, using a flux transport model. We investigate both, model parameters and source term properties. We identify the average tilt angle of the emerging bipolar regions, the diffusion coefficient (below a critical value), the total emergent flux and, for the polar field, the meridional flow velocity and the cycle length as parameters with a particularly large effect. Of special interest is the influence of the overlap between successive cycles. With increasing overlap, an increasing background field (minimum flux at cycle minimum) is built up, which is of potential relevance for secular trends of solar activity and total irradiance.