An ecologically useful classification of mean and near‐bed flows in streams and rivers

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Abstract
SUMMARY. 1. Mean motion and near‐bed flows in streams and rivers can be described using a classification derived from fairly simple field measurements. Our proposed classification is ecologically useful because it incorporates the combined effects of velocity, depth and substrate roughness to provide a means of quantifying the flow regimes occurring within the microhabitats of stream benthos.2. Mean motion is characterized by the Reynolds number and the Froude number. Both are easily calculated, and because they are dimensionless they provide a means of comparing flows at different sites.3. Five categories of near‐bed flows (i.e. the flow microenvironments of stream benthos) are recognized. Flow may be hydraulically smooth or hydraulically rough and the latter category is subdivided further into: chaotic flow, wake interference flow, isolated roughness flow and skimming flow. Hydraulically smooth flows occur in sections of a river bed with fine sediments (e.g. sands, muds and clays). over flat sheets of bedrock, or in association with the flat blades of submerged macrophytes. Hydraulically rough flows occur where the substrate elements are larger (e. g. pebbles, cobbles and boulders) and are a function of substrate roughness and the depth of flow relative to the height of the roughness elements. Chaotic flows and wake interference flows predominate in riffles whilst isolated roughness flows and skimming flows are more likely to be a feature of runs.4. Conventional stream sampling methods (e.g. the Surber and box or cylinder samplers) may collect across several different flow microhabitats. Our classification should enable different flow microenvironments to be recognized and so sampled more appropriately which, in turn, may reduce apparent clumping and the wide confidence intervals of benthic population estimates. Because our classification identifies ‘patches’ within the flow regime associated with the stream bed it enables stream ecologists to generate testable hypotheses regarding the distribution and abundance of benthic species in response to flow.5. Our classification identifies spatial patterns in the flow regimes associated with the stream bed. Temporal patterns have not been identified: however, predictable changes in spatial patterns will resuh from temporal changes in stream discharge.