Functional analysis of immunoreceptor tyrosinebased activation motif (ITAM)‐mediated signal transduction: the two YxxL segments within a single CD3ζITAM are functionally distinct

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Abstract
Functional analysis of the immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif (ITAM) derived from the membrane‐proximal ITAM of CD3ζ demonstrates that mutations at either the tyrosine or leucine residues in the N‐terminal YxxL segment of the ITAM abolish all signal transduction functions of this ITAM. In contrast, mutations at the tyrosine or leucine residues in the C‐terminal YxxL segment abrogate signals for interleukin (IL)‐2 production but do not prevent tyrosine phosphorylation of the N‐terminal tyrosine of the ITAM, lck association with the ITAM, activation of phospholipase C‐γl or calcium mobilization. Cross‐linking of chimeric receptors containing a C‐terminal YxxL leucine mutation induces tyrosine phosphorylation of ZAP70 but without stable binding to the phosphorylated ITAM. These results indicate that the two YxxL segments in an ITAM are functionally distinct and that both are essential for ZAP70 binding and IL‐2 production. Furthermore, tyrosine phosphorylation of ZAP70 per se is not sufficient to trigger the downstream events leading to IL‐2 production. Substitution of an alanine for the bulky side chain at the Y+1 position of the N‐terminal YxxL segment reduces the receptor cross‐linking requirement necessary to achieve cellular activation and the absolute dependence on lck in this process. Our results reveal that both the number of ITAM as well as the specific amino acid residues within a single ITAM determine the extent of chimeric receptor cross‐linking required to trigger tyrosine phosphorylation‐dependent signaling events.