Composition of modern stream sand in a humid climate derived from a low-grade metamorphic and sedimentary foreland fore-thrust belt of North Georgia

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Abstract
Conditions of tectonics and drainage in north-central Georgia provide an excellent natural laboratory to study the composition of stream sand derived from a low-grade metamorphic and sedimentary foreland fold-thrust belt under humid climatic conditions. The streams head in a high-relief phyllite, schist and metasandstone terrain and flow westward across a bounding fault into lower relief Paleozoic shales, cherty carbonates and quartz arenites. The relative abundance of the source rock types in the drainage basin of each sample site was determined and a source rock ratio was calculated as the ratio of the area underlain by metamorphic rock to the total area of the drainage basin. Low-grade metamorphic source rocks supply subequal amounts of monocrystalline quartz, polycrystalline quartz and foliated quartz-mica rock fragments to stream sediment; sand from the sedimentary source terrain consists primarily of monocrystalline quartz, a surprisingly large number of pelitic rock fragments and chert. Mixing of sediment from both source rock types is recognizable on the quartz provenance diagram of Young (1976) by a high instability index (unstable polycrystalline quartz/total polycrystalline quartz) and a low polycrystallinity index (polycrystalline/total quartz). This diagram is especially sensitive to the presence of sandstones as source rocks, which further decreases the polycrystallinity index. The ratio of metamorphic rock fragments to total rock fragments also is directly related to the source rock ratio. Modern sand derived from the foreland fold-thrust belt of north Georgia can be distinguished from Neogene subduction complex-derived sand and collision orogen-derived sand on rock provenance diagrams by containing less total feldspar, more total quartz and no volcanic rock fragments. The concepts developed from the recent sand are applied to the Mississippian Parkwood Formation, Alabama and the Cretaceous Muddy Formation, Montana. Both sandstone units probably were derived from foreland fold-thrust belts but the Parkwood source area contained a greater proportion of low-grade metamorphic source rocks than the source area of the Muddy.

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