Studies on the biology and taxonomy of Diplostomulum (Tylodelphylus) xenopodis from the African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis

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Abstract
The morphology of Diplostomulum (Tylodelphylus) xenopodis Southwell and Kirshner, a strigeatoid metacercaria from the pericardial cavity of the African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, is described and its systematic position discussed. The parasite has both a high incidence and intensity of infection in host samples from the Cape: 60% of 410 X. laevis examined carried D.(T) xenopodis and 26% of infected hosts harboured 100 worms or more. Parasite longevity in excess of 3 1/2 years was recorded in laboratory maintained toads and the effects of experimentation on the host are considered particularly in relation to parasite survival and pathogcnicity. Attempted maturation of the metacercariae in Anas and Larus species was unsuccessful; aspects of the biology of transmission of the parasite in the natural habitat are discussed.