Digestion and synthesis in the rumen of sheep given diets supplemented with free and protected oils

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Abstract
1. Six wether sheep were each provided with a permanent cannula in the rumen and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum. 2. In a preliminary study, the sheep consumed 200 g hay and 400 g concentrates supplemented with up to 40 g linseed oil, coconut oil or cod-liver oil daily. Feed was refused at higher levels of supplementation. 3. Five of the sheep were used in a 5 × 5 Latin-square experiment. They were given 200 g hay and 400 g concentrates alone (B) or supplemented with 40 g linseed oil (L), coconut oil (C), protected linseed oil or protected coconut oil daily. The protected oils were prepared by emulsifying the free oils with formaldehyde-treated sodium caseinate. Formaldehyde-treated sodium caseinate was also included in the other three diets. 4. Digestion in the stomach was measured by spot sampling duodenal digesta, using chromic oxide-impregnated paper as the marker. Microbial flow at the duodenum was measured by use of both diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) and RNA as microbial markers. 5. Both the free oils had broadly similar effects despite their very different fatty acid compositions. Digestion in the stomach of organic matter (OM) was reduced from 0·48 (diet B) to 0·29 (diets L and C) and that of neutral-detergent fibre from 0·50 (diet B) to 0·19 (diet L) and 0·12 (diet C). The molar proportions of acetic acid and n-butyric acid were decreased and that of propionic acid was increased. Protozoal numbers were reduced by 78% (diet L) and 90% (diet C). The flow of total nitrogen and microbial N was increased by both oils and the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (g N/kg OM apparently digested in the rumen) was increased from 30 (diet B) to 85 (diet L) and 74 (diet C) when based on DAPA and from 41 (diet B) to 94 (diet L) and 81 (diet C) when based on RNA. The efficiency when based on true digestion of OM (g N/kg OM truly digested in the rumen) was increased from 23 (diet B) to 46 (diet L) and 44 (diet C) when based on DAPA and from 29 (diet B) to 49 (diet L) and 46 (diet C) when based on RNA. The amounts of microbial OM (g/d) at the duodenum were increased from 68 (diet B) to 124 (diet L) and 106 (diet C) when based on DAPA and from 92 (diet B) to 136 (diet L) and 115 (diet C, non-significant) when based on RNA. 6. When the oils were given in the protected form, the effects on digestion in the stomach were reduced but not eliminated. No significant increases in the amount of total N or microbial N at the duodenum were established, though there was a tendency for an increase in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis with protected linseed oil. The results suggested that the method of protection used reduced the effects of the oils on rumen digestion and synthesis but was only partially successful in preventing hydrogenation of the fatty acids. 7. It is concluded that free oils can markedly increase the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, possibly by their defaunating effect, and that this may enhance the potential for using non-protein-N on oil-supplemented diets.