This is the classical monograph on the combinatorial study of Eulerian polynomials, published in 1970. It has been retyped in TeX and made available on the web with the kind permission of Springer-Verlag. This on-line version has an ouput of 49 pages. Written in French it contains the following items: 0. Introduction to and review of the Euler Numbers 1. General properties of the systems of exceedances and rises 2. The Eulerian polynomials 3. The exponential formula 4. Generating functions for the Eulerian polynomials 5. The alternating sums A(n)(-1) and B(n)(-1) 6. References