Selenium in animal nutrition: The Oregon and San Joaquin Valley (California) experiences—Examples of correctable deficiencies in livestock

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Abstract
White muscle disease and other selenium deficiency syndromes, once extremely common in young calves and lambs in Oregon, especially in the areas of volcanic origin east of the Cascade mountain range, prompted extensive investigations in the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station that resulted in the implementation of large-scale selenium supplementation programs. Although selenium deficiency in livestock is consequently now rare in Oregon, selenium-deficient soils and attendant selenium deficiency conditions have been reported near the Kesterson Wildlife Refuge in the Northern part of the San Joaquin Valley, California, where, paradoxically, selenium toxicity in wildfowl, nesting near evaporation ponds, occurred and attracted wide attention. This review cites studies which explain why there is no evidence of selenium toxicity in livestock, but some selenium deficiency on the east side of the San Joaquin Valley. They also show that there is no threat to the food supply owing to excessive selenium in this area and that the consumption of meat and milk from the herds would not exceed the safe range of selenium for humans.