Removal of lead, cadmium and zinc by waste tea leaves

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Abstract
The solid waste of commercially available tea leaves of local produce were found to be good sorbents of metal ions, especially Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions. The extent of adsorption depends on pH, ionic strength, metal concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of interfering ions and surfactants. Among the various types of surfactants studied, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide severely hindered the metal uptake while Triton X100 interfered mildly. Initial enhancement of Pb(II) and Zn(II) uptake was observed in the presence of small amount of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The enhancement effect decreased as the anionic surfactant concentration increased. Metal concentration dependence curves can be described by a Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption capacities of tea leaves were found to be 0.38, 0.28 and 0.18 mmole/g for Pb, Cd and Zn respectively. Column experiments revealed near 100% efficiency for metal removal of as much as 100 ppm Pb(II) ion at pH 6, using 1.8 g waste tea leaves and flow rate of 25 ml/min. The relative affinities of metal ions towards waste tea leaves as in the order of Pb > Cd > Zn.