Combined Cloud–Microwave Radiative Transfer Modeling of Stratiform Rainfall

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Abstract
The simulation of explicit particle spectra during cloud evolution by a two-dimensional spectral cloud model was used to investigate the response of microwave radiative transfer to particle spectra development with special focus on the radiative effects of melting particles below the freezing level. For this purpose, 1) a particle-melting model was implemented with increased vertical resolution; 2) several models of the dielectric permittivity for melting particles were compared; 3) the dependence on size–density distributions was evaluated; and 4) the influence on the results by the replacement of explicit by parameterized particle spectra was tested. Radiative transfer simulations over ocean background at frequencies between 10.7 and 85.5 GHz showed a considerable increase in brightness temperatures (TB) once melting particles were included. The amounts were strongly dependent on the implemented permittivity model, the number concentrations of large frozen particles right above the freezing lev... Abstract The simulation of explicit particle spectra during cloud evolution by a two-dimensional spectral cloud model was used to investigate the response of microwave radiative transfer to particle spectra development with special focus on the radiative effects of melting particles below the freezing level. For this purpose, 1) a particle-melting model was implemented with increased vertical resolution; 2) several models of the dielectric permittivity for melting particles were compared; 3) the dependence on size–density distributions was evaluated; and 4) the influence on the results by the replacement of explicit by parameterized particle spectra was tested. Radiative transfer simulations over ocean background at frequencies between 10.7 and 85.5 GHz showed a considerable increase in brightness temperatures (TB) once melting particles were included. The amounts were strongly dependent on the implemented permittivity model, the number concentrations of large frozen particles right above the freezing lev...

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