Second-order focusing conditions for ruled concave gratings

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Abstract
The problem of image evaluation in vuv optical mountings of ruled concave gratings has been treated by means of the method of phase-error balancing. In the classical diffraction limit, the tolerances on the aberrations of normal-incidence mounts are evaluated by means of a modified Strehl criterion. For large phase errors, a quality factor that implies an association of ray density with energy flux, leads to determination of the tolerated magnitude of large aberrations. In addition, we give the related generalized focusing conditions that include shifts, off the gaussian image plane, as functions of the amounts of aberrations.

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