Abstract
Vascular renal-adrenal interrelationships are examined from a phylogenetic and embryologic viewpoint in human, dog, rat, ape, elephant, hippopotamus and rhinoceros species. Diurnal variations in renal blood flow due to epinephrine, aldosterone and renin-angiotensin releases are described. Renal-adrenal vascular responses to stress, hemorrhage and shock are correlated to extracellular fluid volume regulation, hyperglycemia, Na+ conservation and cardiac output.