Drug Delivery Systems. 1. Site‐Specific Drug Delivery Using Liposomes as Carriers

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Abstract
Drug delivery systems, offering controlled delivery of biologically active agents, are rapidly gaining importance in pharmaceutical research and development. To achieve controlled drug delivery, i.e., the administration of drugs so that optimal amount reaches the target site to cure or control the disease state, increasingly sophisticated systems containing different carriers have been developed. Macromolecules represent one of the carriers involved, and they have taken on a significantly prominent role in various modes of administration of therapeutic agents. Among macromolecules, for example, synthetic copolymers, polysaccharides, liposomes, polyanions and antibodies, as drug carriers, liposomes have proved most effective for diseases affecting the reticuloendothelial system and blood cells in particular. Liposomes, which are vesicles consisting of one or more concentrically ordered assemblies of phospholipids bilayers, range in size from a nanometer to several micrometers. Phospholipids such as egg phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, synthetic dipalmitoyl‐DL‐α‐phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylinositol, have been used in conjunction with cholesterol and positively or negatively charged amphiphiles such as stearylamine or phosphatide acid. Alteration of surface charge has been shown to enhance drug incorporation and also influence drug release. Because of the multifold characteristics as drug carriers, liposomes have been investigated extensively as carriers of anticancer agents for the past several years. Liposomal entrapments include a variety of pharmacologically active compounds such as antimalarial, antiviral, anti‐inflammatory and antifungal agents as well as antibiotics, prostaglandins, steroids and bronchodilators to name a few. The liposomal entrapment has been shown to have considerable effect on the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of administered drugs. Despite the potential value of liposomes as unique carriers, the major obstacles are the first order targeting of a systemically given liposomes, physical stability and manufacture of the liposomal products and these problems still remain to be overcome. Drug delivery systems evolving in the 1980s have become increasingly dependent on fundamental cell‐biology and receptor‐mediated endocytotic mechanisms. Drug delivery systems during the 1990s may take advantage of the specificity of receptor‐mediated uptake mechanisms as well as polymer chemistry and cell‐biology in order to introduce more precise and efficient target‐specific delivery systems that are based especially on the liposome technology.