VII.—Irish Brooches of Five Centuries

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Abstract
A number of ancient brooches on the penannular principle is to be seen in the British Museum and the National Museum of Antiquities at Edinburgh, as well as in the National Museum at Dublin, where most are naturally preserved, as the type is predominantly Irish. It is not surprising to find that the ends of the hoop are frequently joined, thus rendering the ordinary name in a strict sense inapplicable, but it will be convenient to include as penannular those, generally of the middle period, that have evidently been developed from the standard pattern but have a different arrangement of the pin owing to the fusion of the terminals. The penannular group of brooches includes specimens which, if considered apart, would hardly betray any common features; but the existence of many intermediate stages renders a logical and chronological sequence possible, and an attempt will be made to give some degree of precision in place of the unsupported guesses of the past.

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