Two visual pathways to the telencephalon in the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum). II. Ascending thalamo‐telencephalic connections

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Abstract
As part of a study on retino-telecephalic pathways the ascending connections to the telencephalic central nucleus were investigated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The central nucleus of the telencephalon, which is the main recipient for input from the brainstem, grossly can be divided into three rostrocaudal parts according to their afferent connections. The rostral third receives input mainly from the contralateral central thalamic nucleus and to a lesser degree from the lateral geniculate nucleus, periventricular gray, and a nucleus called the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum. The middle third of the central nucleus maintains an afferent connection with contralateral lateral geniculate, ventrolateral optic, and central thalamic nucleus, with the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum and periventricular gray bilaterally, and with a group of cells in the superior raphé nucleus. Caudal central nucleus injections of HRP resulted in labeling of cells in the contralateral lateral geniculate nucleus, ventral mesencephalic tegmentum, and central thalamic bilaterally, and in the superior raphé nucleus preoptic area and periventricular gray. From these results it can be concluded that visual information may reach the central telencephalic nucleus by two separate pathways: one pathway from retina via ventrolateral optic nucleus to the middle third of the central nucleus, and a second pathway from retina to optic tectum, which reportedly projects to the lateral geniculate nucleus, which in turn provides afferents to the caudal two-thirds of the central nucleus. As such the nurse shark's visual system posesses structural features that are homologous to the two visual systems of higher vertebrate groups.