The pipeline flow of capsules: Part 1: The concept of capsule pipelining

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Abstract
Pipelining science and technology may be regarded as developing through several generations, the first two being fluid and slurry pipelining, respectively. Third generation pipelining in which it may be possible to extend the practice and economies of such transportation methods to an even wider spectrum of commodities may be defined as the flow of materials in capsule forms, as massive rigid or semi‐rigid segments of the supporting fluid. The flow of such capsule forms is recognized as a flow configuration which is stable, being normally encountered in the flow of equal‐density immiscible fluids over a wide range of conditions. Because the capsule forms occupy appreciably less than the total cross‐sectional area of the pipe, they move at a velocity greater than the average over‐all velocity. In addition, the pressure gradient of a stream in turbulent flow tends to be reduced, rather than increased, by the presence of capsule forms.

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