Abstract
Until recently, the need to understand the details of cardiac hemodynamics was confined to the small group of cardiologists who performed, or were required to interpret the results of, cardiac catheterization. This situation has all changed, however, because of the clear-cut demonstration that hemodynamic measurements have become essential in the standard management of certain cardiac conditions, particularly if blood volume, pressure or flow is to be manipulated. This development has come about through the simplification of the procedure of catheterization of the right side of the heart (flotation catheter)1 and the ability to measure cardiac output readily.Although intrinsic cardiac . . .

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