Caspase-Independent Photoreceptor Apoptosis in Mouse Models of Retinal Degeneration

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Abstract
Apoptosis is the mode of cell death in retinitis pigmentosa, a group of retinal degenerative disorders primarily affecting rod photoreceptors. Although caspases have been demonstrated to play a central role in many incidences of apoptosis, accumulating evidence suggests that they may not be required for all forms of apoptotic cell death. The present study examined the mechanism of cell death in twoin vivomodels of photoreceptor apoptosis: the retinal degeneration (rd) mouse, a naturally occurring mutant model, andN-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced retinal degeneration. Specifically, we examined the activation status of caspase-9, -8, -7, -3, and -2 and determined the caspase requirements for cytochromecrelease, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis-associated proteolysis of specific caspase substrates. We show that apoptosis in bothin vivomodels is independent of caspase-9, -8, -7, -3, and -2 activation. DNA fragmentation occurs in the absence of caspase-mediated ICAD (inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase) proteolysis, suggesting that an alternative endonuclease is responsible for DNA cleavage in these models. Importantly, we show that apoptosome activation is prevented because of an absence of mitochondrial cytochromecrelease. Experiments performed using a cell-free system indicate that cytochromec-dependent proteolysis and activation of caspase-9 can be restored in a neonatal cell-free system. However, we found that cytochromec-dependent proteolysis and activation of caspase-9 could not be restored in an adult cell-free system because of an age-related decrease in the expression of Apaf-1 in the normal developing mouse retina. In the rd mouse, however, this age-related downregulation of apoptotic proteins was not observed, highlighting a critical feature of this model and the prevention of cytochromecrelease as an apical event in caspase-independent apoptosis in this system.