Direct digital synthesis: some options for FPGA implementation

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Abstract
Direct digital synthesizers (DDS), or numerically controlled oscillators, are a functional requirement of virtually every digital communications system, including modems and software defined radios. Frequency synthesis is commonly realized using application specific standard parts or as software on a DSP processor. With ever increasing amounts of digital signal processing being realized using field programmable gate array (FPGA) based hardware platforms, it is fruitful to explore various DDS architectures and evaluate the many possible architecture/performance tradeoffs with a view to FPGA implementation. This paper describes three DDS architectures and presents several designs that illustrate DDS performance and highlight design considerations for FPGA implementation.

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