The embryonic development of the swimming behavior of Daphnia pulex (Crustacea: Cladocera)

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Abstract
The embryo of Daphnia pulex sheds two egg membranes and then molts once before completing its development. The second antennae, used for swimming by the fully developed individual, move for the first time shortly before the shedding of the second egg membrane. These antennal movements occur in bouts which appear to be pseudo-rhythmic in organization. The antennae are not raised to their swimming positions until several hours before the molt which terminates embryonic development, at which time they become increasingly active. The onset and subsequent elaboration of antennal activity is therefore closely correlated with the shedding of embryonic membranes.

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