Diploidization in Gossypium hirsutum as Indicated by Glandless-Stem and Boll Inheritance

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Abstract
Genes for glanded stem occur in diplotd Gossypium relatives of the two genomes of amphidiploids G. hirsutum 2AhDh and G. barbadense 2AbDb. Amphidiploid G. arboreum-G. thurberi 2A2D1 has duplicate genes and duplicate factor inheritance in progeny of its hybrids with recessive glandless-stem of G. hirsutum. Stock Z101 of G. barbadense only had duplicate dominant G1 genes and G11 was common in the two natural amphidiploids. The glanded-stem gene Giari from G. aridum 2D4 was transferred to G. hirsutum and showed allelism with G11. Glarb from G. arboreum 2A2 was transferred via 2A2D1 and demonstrated duplicate dominant inheritance with G11. Not finding duplicate dominant genes in G. hirsutum was attributed to diploidization. Even if diploidization in G. barbadense occurred by mutation of Gl to g1 at its Ab genome, the loss of G1 genes in G. hirsutum would not necessarily have to occur by mutation; the absence of a Gl gene of the Ah genome, could occur by a loss of chromatin in the settling down of an ancestral amphidiploid from occasional multivalent pairing to present day, strictly bivalent pairing. An unusually low segregation of gl in hexaploids G. hirsutum X wild diploid G genome species suggests alteration of chromatin in the gl chromosomes of G. hirsutum. Hexaploids involving G. hirsutum and the diploid A genome species should have a low segregation of gl if Ah chromosomes were altered in the settling down of an ancestral amphidiploid.

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