Physiological and Behavioral Aspects of Reproduction in the Brook Stickleback, Culaea inconstans

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Abstract
Field and laboratory observations were made on the five-spined stickleback, Culaea inconstans (Pisces: Gasterosteidae). Emphasis was placed on the influence of photoperiod and temperature on reproduction, and the analysis of the phases of the reproductive cycle, viz., aggressive, territorial, nest-building, mating and parental behavior. Comparative information concerning the behavior, morphology and distribution of other gasterosteid fishes allowed for a consideration of the evolution and phylogeny of this family. Evidence concerning the mechanism of the timing of reproduction involved the induction of reproductive activity pre- and postseasonally under the influence of stimulative photoperiods (14-16 hrs), permissive temperatures (not exceeding 19 C) and the presence of adequate vegetative conditions. Our observations on Culaea are generally consistent with the kind of model of environmental control which is characteristic of Gasterosteus. The male demonstrates varied degrees of aggressive behavior during the reproductive period. Territorial behavior is influenced by the arrangement of the topography and is maintained by visual stimuli and displays. Culaea possesses an elasticity in adapting to various materials which can be manipulated for nest-building. Certain behavioral patterns are unique to Culaea or shared by only one or more of the members of the stickleback family.

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