Manganese‐Rich layers in calcareous deposits along the Western shore of the Dead Sea May have a bacterial origin

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Abstract
Spore formers were detected in samples of calcareous crust with manganiferous laminations and in water from the Dead Sea in Israel. They were able to grow in media made with fresh water but not with synthetic Dead Sea water. Some of these spore formers were also able to oxidize Mn (II) in fresh water. No other bacteria capable of both growth and Mn(II) oxidation in hypersaline media prepared with synthetic Dead Sea water were found in the samples. However, bacteria capable of growth and Mn(II) oxidation in fresh water media were detected in water and sediment from fresh water springs at Ein Feshkha and in lake water and sediment from the beach near Wadi Kidron. Both sites are located on the western shore of the lake. These findings suggest that the manganiferous laminations in calcareous crusts and concretions in the Dead Sea along its western shore may have originated, at least in part, from manganese oxide formed by bacteria in fresh water environments on shore and washed into the lake in runoff, with subsequent incorporation into the crusts and concretions.
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