Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: Selective Reduction of the Intermolecular Disulfide Linkage and Characterization of Its Disulfide Structure

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Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is a protein known to enhance the survival of dopaminergic neurons against several neurotoxins. It has been shown to have therapeutic potential in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. We have determined the inter- and intramolecular disulfide linkages of the dimeric molecule by a combination of direct peptide analysis and peptide analysis after either partial reduction or partial oxidation of the protein. Under an acidic condition, the interchain disulfide bond was selectively cleaved with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine, revealing that Cys101 was involved in the intermolecular disulfide linkage. Three other disulfides, Cys68−Cys131, Cys72−Cys133, and Cys41−Cys102, were identified as intramolecular linkages. The determined disulfide structure is highly homologous to that of transforming growth factor β2. Since one intramolecular disulfide points through a ring consisting of eight amino acid residues based on the similarity with transforming growth factor β2, the disulfide-linked peptides were not purified by conventional methods. Only the peptides from an N-terminal region (residues −1 to 37) were liberated by proteolytic treatment with trypsin or endoproteinase Lys-C, resulting in a stable cystine-knot protein.