Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology and Taxonomy of Agrobacterium, Rhizobium , and Chromobacterium

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Abstract
Hybridization experiments were carried out between high molecular weight, denatured, agar-embedded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and homologous, nonembedded, sheared, denatured 14C-labeled DNA from a strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium leguminosarum (the reference strains) in the presence of sheared, nonembedded, nonlabeled DNA (competing DNA) from the same or different nomen-species of Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, Chromobacterium, and several other organisms. Percentage of DNA homology was calculated from the results. The findings are discussed in relation to previous taximetric studies, present classification schemes, and guanine-cytosine content of the DNA. Strains of A. tumefaciens, A. radiobacter, A. rubi, A. rhizo-genes, R. leguminosarum, and R. meliloti exhibited a mean percentage of DNA homology greater than 50 with the two reference strains. A. tumefaciens, A. radiobacter, and A. rubi were indistinguishable on the basis of DNA homology, with strain variations for this group involving up to 30 percent of their base sequences. The remainder of the organisms studied fall into at least six distinct genetic groups: R. R. (Agrobacterium) rhizogenes, which is more homologous to R. leguminosarum than to the A. tumefaciens-A. radiobacter group; (ii) R. leguminosarum; (iii) R. meliloti; (iv) R. japonicum, which has a mean DNA homology of some 38 to 45 percent with the reference strains; (v) Chromobacterium, which is as genetically remote from the reference strains as, for example, Pseudomonas; and (vi) A. pseudotsugae strain-180, which has a DNA homology with A. tumefaciens and R. leguminosarum of only about 10 percent. Since this latter homology value is similar to what was found after hybridizations between the reference strains and organisms such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, A. pseudotsugae should definitely be removed from the genus.