The occurrence and distribution of nepoviruses and their associated vector Longidorus and Xiphinema nematodes in Europe and the Mediterranean basin1

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Abstract
Six nepoviruses are transmitted by five Longidorus and three Xiphinema species in Europe. The virus and vector associations are: L. apulus and L. fasciatus with artichoke Italian latent nepovirus, L. attenuatus and L. elongatus with tomato black ring nepovirus, L. elongatus and L. macrosoma with raspberry ringspot nepovirus, X. diversicaudatum with arabis mosaic and strawberry latent ringspot nepoviruses and X. index and X. italiae with grapevine fanleaf nepovirus. The distributions of the viruses and their vectors in Europe and the Mediterranean basin are described. The following points are commented: presence of non‐indigenous nematode‐transmitted nepoviruses in Europe; occurrence of vector nematodes in European countries in the absence of their associated nepoviruses; the possible vectors of serologically distinct strains of grapevine fanleaf nepovirus.