Variation of the threshold energies for core-electron excitation in electron energy-loss spectra as a function of incident electron energy

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Abstract
Measurements have been made of the 3p, 3s, and 2p core-electron energy-loss spectra of Ti and Ni as a function of incident electron energy. Attention was focused on the threshold energy for core-level ionization to investigate possible changes in the threshold energies as a function of excitation conditions. Measured threshold energies decreased by between 0.1 and 1.5 eV, depending on the specific core level, as the incident electron energy was lowered from about 1500 to about 20–50 eV above the core threshold. The measured changes in threshold energies are due in part to different core-electron binding energies for bulk and surface atoms, to varying populations of final states, and to dynamical screening effects. These factors can account for differences in binding energies measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and by appearance potential spectroscopy.

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