Fate of heavy metals during municipal solid waste incineration

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Abstract
A thermodynamic analysis was performed to determine whether it is suitable to predict the heavy metal (HM) speciation during the Municipal Solid Waste Incineration process. The fate of several selected metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Hg, As, Cu, Co, Ni) during incineration was theoretically investigated. The equilibrium analysis predicted the metal partitioning during incineration and determined the impact of operating conditions (temperature and gas composition) on their speciation. The study of the gas composition influence was based on the effects of the contents of oxygen (reducing or oxidising conditions) and chlorine on the HM partitioning. The theoretical HM speciation which was calculated in a complex system representing a burning sample of Municipal Solid Waste can explain the real partitioning (obtained from literature results) of all metals among the various ashes except for Pb. Then, the results of the thermodynamic study were compared with those of characterisation of real incinerator residues, using complementary techniques (chemical extraction series and X-ray micro-analyses). These analysis were performed to determine experimentally the speciation of the three representative metals Cr, Pb, and Zn. The agreement is good for Cr and Zn but not for Pb again, which mainly shows unleachable chemical speciations in the residues. Pb tends to remain in the bottom ash whereas thermodynamics often predicts its complete volatilisation under chlorides, and thus its presence exclusively in fly ash.