Near-infrared Measurement of Cerebral Oxygenation

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Abstract
Background: The application of phase-modulated near-infrared techniques for measurement of the oxygen saturation of cerebral tissue requires both validation by conventional measures of cerebral oxygenation and determination of normal and abnormal values. This study was undertaken to validate phase-modulated near-infrared measurements of cerebral oxygen saturation by comparing them with electroencephalographic evidence of cerebral ischemia during implantation of cardioverting defibrillators. This comparison also yields an estimate of the ischemic threshold as measured with near-infrared techniques. Methods: Electroencephalograms and near-infrared measurements were performed during 85 episodes of ventricular fibrillation in ten patients. Light at 754, 785, and 816 nm was modulated at 200 MHz, transmitted through the skull, and the path lengths of the reflected light were determined by measuring the phase shifts. The electroencephalogram was inspected for changes during the hypotension associated with the arrhythmia and the oxygen saturation was calculated from the near-infrared path lengths. Changes in oxygen saturation were then compared with electroencephalographic evidence of cerebral ischemia. Results: The mean saturation before fibrillation was 56.5% +/- 1.2 (SEM). In 40 (47%) of the events, electroencephalographic evidence of ischemia was observed. Such changes were related to the minimum saturation observed during ventricular fibrillation (44% +/- 2.5 vs. 56% +/- 1.9 in the absence of electroencephalographic changes; P < 0.001). The ischemic threshold was estimated to be 47% saturation. The sensitivity of this technique was estimated to be 0.6, the specificity 0.84, and the predictive accuracy 0.73. Conclusions: Near-infrared measurements reflect changes in cerebral oxygenation as indicated by electroencephalographic evidence of cerebral ischemia.