Application of New Techniques to the Solution of an Efflorescence Problem

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Abstract
The efflorescence of the products of a particular shale was studied. Sodium sulfate was found to be the major efflorescing salt. This salt was formed during firing by the action of sulfur gases, from the oxidation of pyrite, on sodium minerals in the shale. Additions of silica were effective in reducing efflorescence by reacting with the sodium sulfate under a slightly reducing atmosphere. Ammonium chloride additions destroyed the pyrite at a low temperature, thereby preventing the formation of sodium sulfate. These additions may be employed to solve similar efflorescence problems. The methods employed are applicable to all cases of efflorescence.

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