Rectified Brownian movement in molecular and cell biology

A unified model is presented for rectified Brownian movement as the mechanism for a variety of putatively chemomechanical energy conversions in molecular and cell biology. The model is established by a detailed analysis of ubiquinone transport in electron transport chains and of allosteric conformation changes in proteins. It is applied to $P$-type ATPase ion transporters and to a variety of rotary arm enzyme complexes. It provides a basis for the dynamics of actin-myosin cross-bridges in muscle fibers. In this model, metabolic free energy does no work directly, but instead biases boundary conditions for thermal diffusion. All work is done by thermal energy, which is harnessed at the expense of metabolic free energy through the establishment of the asymmetric boundary conditions.