Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α on the In Vitro Maturation of Tumor-Reactive Effector T Cells

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Abstract
Culture methods that enhance the anti-tumor reactivity of primed T cells would be important in adoptive immunotherapy of cancer. Using several different syngeneic murine tumor models, the authors evaluated the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) exposure on tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) cells during in vitro activation. Mice were inoculated with weakly immunogenic (i.e., MCA 205, MCA 207 sarcoma) or the poorly immunogenic (i.e., D5 melanoma) tumor cells, and TDLN cells were harvested 9 or 10 days later for activation by an anti-CD3/interleukin-2 culture procedure. Human recombinant TNF-α (25 ng/mL) added during the activation culture resulted in a two-fold increase in interferon-γ release (type 1 response) and a significant reduction of interleukin-10 (type 2 response) after tumor antigen stimulation. In an adoptive transfer model, TNF-α–cultured TDLN cells mediated significantly greater regression of established tumor than did TDLN cells cultured in the absence of TNF-α in five of five experiments. Neutralization of interleukin-10 monoclonal antibody further augmented the therapeutic efficacy of TNF-α–cultured TDLN cells. These studies document the ability of TNF-α to selectively promote a type 1 over a type 2 response in a bulk population of tumor-primed T cells during in vitro activation.