DNA damage, cytotoxic effect and cell‐cycle perturbation of Hoechst 33342 on L1210 cells in vitro

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Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of vital dye Hoechst 33342 (HO 33342), at concentrations used to obtain a good DNA histogram resolution, on DNA integrity, cell growth, and cell-cycle phase distribution of L1210 cells. HO 33342 exposure for 2 h, at 37°C produced DNA single-strand breaks as assessed by the method of alkaline elution. DNA single-strand breaks were concentration dependent (in the range .5–5 μg/ml) and increased significantly when HO 33342 (0.5–1.5 μg/ml) was associated with exposure in a flow cytometer to U.V. laser beam illumination. HO 33342 produced a cytotoxic effect on cell growth even at the concentration of 0.5 μg/ml—a concentration ten-fold smaller than those required to obtain a good DNA histogram resolution. HO 33342 produced a severe block of the cells in the G2-M phase of the cell cycle already evident 24 h after stain exposure and continuing up to 144 h after start of recovery. A new polyploid cell population (with a 4 c DNA content) not present in the unstained cells was already evident 24 h after dye exposure. The data shown in the present paper would imply caution in using sorted cells stained with HO 33342 dye for biological, biomedical, and pharmacological studies.