A morphometric analysis of craniofacial growth and changes in spatial relations during secondary palatal development in human embryos and fetuses

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Abstract
Staged human embryos and fetuses in the Carnegie Embryological Collection were morphometrically analyzed to show craniofacial dimensions and changes in spatial relations, and to identify patterns that would reflect normal developmental events during palatal formation. Normal embryos aged 7–8 weeks postconception (Streeter-O'Rahilly stages 19–23) and fetuses aged 9–10 weeks postconception, in eight groups with mean crownrump (CR) lengths of 18–49 mm, were studied with cephalometric methods developed for histologic sections. In the 4-week period studied, facial dimensions increased predominantly in the sagittal plane with extensive changes in length (depth) and height, but limited changes in width. Growth of the mandible was more rapid than the nasomaxillary complex, and the length of Meckel's cartilage exceeded the length of the oronasal cavity at the time of horizontal movement of the shelves during stage 23. Simultaneously with shelf elevation, the upper craniofacial complex lifted, and the tongue and Meckel's cartilage extended forward beneath the primary palate. Analysis of spatial relations in the oronasal cavity showed that the palatomaxillary processes became separated from the tongue-mandibular complex as the head extended, and the tongue became positioned forward with growth of Meckel's cartilage. As the head position extended by 35°, the cranial base angulation was unchanged and the primary palate maintained a 90° position to the posterior cranial base. However, the sagittal position of the maxilla relative to the anterior cranial base increased by 20° between stages 19 and 23. In the late embryonic and early fetal periods, the mean cranial 128° and the mean maxillary position angulation of approximately 34° were similar to the angulations previously shown to be present later prenatally and postnatally. The results suggest that human patterns of cranial base angulation and maxillary position to the cranial base develop during the late embryonic period when the chondrocranium and Meckel's cartilage form the primary skeleton.