Expression and purification of a trefoil peptide motif in a β‐galactosidase fusion protein and its use to search for trefoil‐binding sites

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Abstract
The cysteine-rich trefoil motif of rat intestinal trefoil factor (rITF) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. A 270-bp cDNA fragment including the signal sequence and the trefoil motif was cloned into the expression vector pAX5+ to direct the expression of a beta-galactosidase collagen-hinged fusion protein in E. coli. Cultures harbouring the recombinant plasmid produced a soluble novel protein with a molecular mass of 134.5 kDa, as predicted for the trefoil-motif-containing fusion protein. Purification of the rITF moiety was achieved by p-aminophenyl-thio-beta-D-galactoside(APTG)-affinity chromatography, collagenase digestion of the hybrid molecule, and removal of the beta-galactosidase-hinge molecule by a further APTG-affinity step. It was demonstrated that intrachain disulphide-bond formation in rITF occurred during the procedure, so no refolding steps were required. Analysis by immunoblotting revealed that the fusion protein and the cleaved trefoil-motif-containing protein were recognised by an antibody raised against the chemically synthesised peptide. The trefoil motif present in the fusion protein was used to localise putative trefoil-binding sites in sections of frozen rat tissue. Binding was demonstrated using the beta-galactosidase portion of the fusion protein as a reporter moiety, either directly with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactoside, or indirectly using a monoclonal antibody to beta-galactosidase and indirect immunohistochemistry. Binding sites were localised to the foveolar and surface epithelium of rat stomach, the collecting ducts of the kidney and within colonic crypts. The presence of a trefoil motif was necessary for binding. The use of beta-galactosidase fusion proteins for histochemical localisation of peptide-binding sites should prove more generally useful.