No Evidence for a Major Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Gene Polymorphisms in Periportal Fibrosis Caused bySchistosoma mansoniInfection

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Abstract
Hepatic periportal fibrosis (PPF), associated with portal hypertension, is a major pathological consequence of infections withSchistosoma mansoniandSchistosoma japonicum. Indeed, affected subjects may die from portal hypertension. Previous studies have indicated that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) may aggravate fibrosis. We therefore investigated whether PPF was associated with certain polymorphisms of the TNF-α gene. Four polymorphisms (TNF-α −376 G/A, −308 G/A, −238 G/A, and +488 G/A) were investigated in two Sudanese populations living in an area in whichS. mansoniis endemic. These polymorphisms were analyzed for 105 Sudanese subjects with various grades of PPF, from mild to advanced; all subjects were from two neighboring villages (Taweela and Umzukra). They were then analyzed for 70 subjects with advanced liver disease and for 345 matched controls from the Gezira region. We found no evidence of associations between these four polymorphisms and PPF in both of these studies. Thus, these four polymorphisms, two of which (TNF-α −376 and −308) were found to increase TNF-α gene transcription, are unlikely to have a major effect on PPF progression in these populations. However, this result does not exclude the possibility that these polymorphisms have a minor effect on PPF development.