DNA in dormant spores of Bacillus species is in an A‐like conformation

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Abstract
The DNA in dormant spores of Bacillus species is associated with α/β‐type small, acid‐soluble proteins (SASP), which are double‐stranded DNA‐binding proteins whose amino acid sequence has been highly conserved in evolution. In vitro these proteins bind most strongly to DNA which readily adopts an A‐like conformation, as binding of α/β‐type SASP causes DNA to assume an A‐like conformation. As predicted by this conformational change in DNA, binding of α/β‐type SASP to relaxed but covalently closed plasmid DNA results in the introduction of a large number of negative supercoils. Associated with the conformational change in DNA brought about by α/β‐type SASP binding is a change in its photochemistry such that ultraviolet irradiation does not generate pyrimidine dimers, but rather a thyminyl‐thymine adduct termed spore photoproduct (SP). The latter two properties of DNA complexed with α/β‐type SASP in vitro are similar to those of DNA in dormant spores of Bacillus species in which: (i) plasmid DNA has a much higher number of negative supercoils than plasmid in growing cells; and (ii) ultraviolet irradiation produces SP and no pyrimidine dimers, while only pyrimidine dimers are formed in growing cells. During sporulation these changes in the properties of spore DNA take place in parallel with synthesis of α/β‐type SASP, and the magnitude of the changes is greatly reduced in mutants that make low amounts of these proteins. A straightforward interpretation of these data is that DNA in dormant spores of Bacillus species is in an A‐like conformation. DNA in an A‐like conformation is also present in growing cells with high α/β‐type SASP levels. However, the presence of this A‐like DNA is detrimental to cell growth.