Quantification of Protein−Ligand Interactions by Mass Spectrometry, Titration, and H/D Exchange: PLIMSTEX

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Abstract
Protein−ligand binding and the concomitant conformational change in the protein are of crucial importance in biophysics and drug design. We report a novel method to quantify protein−ligand interactions in solution by mass spectrometry, titration, and H/D exchange (PLIMSTEX). The approach can determine the conformational change, binding stoichiometry, and affinity in protein−ligand interactions including those that involve small molecules, metal ions, and peptides. Binding constants obtained by PLIMSTEX for four model protein−ligand systems agree with K values measured by conventional methods. At higher protein concentration, the method can be used to determine quickly the binding stoichiometry and possibly the purity of proteins. Taking advantage of concentrating the protein on-column and desalting, we are able to use different concentrations of proteins, buffer systems, salts, and pH in the exchange protocol. High picomole quantities of proteins are sufficient, offering significantly better sensitivity than that of NMR and X-ray crystallography. Automation could make PLIMSTEX a high throughput method for library screening, drug discovery, and proteomics.