Voltage‐Gated T‐Type Ca2+ Channels and Heart Failure

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Abstract
In the cardiovascular system, two types of voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels are present: the L‐type and the T‐type. Under normal conditions, T‐type Ca2+ channels are involved in the maintenance of vascular tone and cardiac automaticity but, since they are not present in contractile myocardial cells, they do not contribute significantly to myocardial contraction. In experimental models of cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial T‐type Ca2+ channels are upregulated, which could contribute to the increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmia. In addition, T‐type Ca2+ channels participate in the regulation of cell proliferation and neurohormonal secretion; through these pathways, T‐type Ca2+ channels might participate in myocardial remodeling. The pathophysiological role of T‐type Ca2+ channels in heart failure has been investigated using mibefradil, a Ca2+ antagonist that is 10‐50 times more potent at blocking T‐type than L‐type Ca2+ channels. In contrast with classic L‐type Ca2+ channel antagonists, mibefradil appears beneficial in many animal models of heart failure; in particular, it does not exert negative inotropic effects nor does it stimulate the neurohormonal system. Furthermore, in the Pfeffer rat model, blockade of T‐type Ca2+ channels with mibefradil is associated with an improved survival rate. In humans, however, major metabolic drug interactions independent of T‐type Ca2+ channel blockade made it impossible to determine the efficacy of mibefradil in treating heart failure; indeed, these interactions led to the withdrawal of the drug from the market.